CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Notes: Solutions – Concentration Terms of Solutions-II

Molality:  It is the number of moles or gram moles of solute dissolved per kilogram of the solvent.
It is denoted by m.

Normality: It is the number of gram equivalents of solute present in one litre of the solution.
It is denoted by N.

Formality:  It is the number of gram formula present in one litre of solution. It is denoted by F.

Mole fraction:  It is the ratio of moles of one component to the total number of moles present in the solution. It is ex­pressed by X, for example, for a binary solution two component A and B,

Weight per cent (w/W): It is weight of solute present in 100 g of solution.
Volume per cent (v/V): It is volume of solute present in 100 mL of solution.

Mass fraction:  Mass fraction of any component in the solution is the mass of that component divided by the total mass of the solution. For a solution containing w_A g of A and w_B g of B,

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