CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Notes: Solutions – Some Important Concepts

• In a mixture of two solutions, the solution with lower osmotic pressure is hypotonic while solution with higher osmotic pressure is hypertonic.
• The outflow of fluid from the plant cells placed in a hypertonic solution is known a plasmolysis (shrinkage of plant cell).
• At freezing point solid and liquid are in equilibrium so, they have the same vapour pressure.
• When on cooling a solution to its freezing point, the crystals of solvent are separated first.
• Semi­permeable membrane is required in osmosis but not in diffusion.
• In diffusion a substance moves from a region of its higher concentration to regions of its lower concentration.
• In reverse osmosis, flow of solvent is from higher to lower concentration. For example, desalination of sea water.
• Copper Ferro cyanide [Cu₂Fe (CN) ₆] is a chemically prepared semi­permeable membrane.
• Plant and trees absorb water from soil by osmosis.
• Osmotic pressure is mainly calculated by Berkley and Hartley method.
• Townsend method is used to find the osmotic pressure of non-aqueous solution without using semipermeable membrane.
• 6% urea solutions and 0.1 M glucose solutions are iso­tonic.
• The mole fraction of the more volatile component is always greater in vapour phase than in solution phase (Konowaloff rule)

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