• AglaSem
  • Schools
  • Admission
  • Career
  • News
  • Hindi
  • Mock Test
  • Docs
  • ATSE
aglasem
No Result
View All Result
aglasem
  • Home
  • CBSE
    • Date Sheet
    • Syllabus
    • Sample Papers
    • Question Papers
  • ICSE / ISC
  • State Boards
    • Date Sheet
    • Admit Card
    • Result
    • Sample Paper
    • Question Paper
  • NCERT
    • NCERT Solutions
    • NCERT Books
    • NCERT Audio Books
    • NCERT Exempler
  • Study Material
    • Notes
    • Solved Sample Papers
    • Maps
    • Writing Skill Format
  • Olympiads
    • NTSE
    • NMMS
  • School Admission
  • Entrance Exams
    • JEE Main
    • NEET
    • CLAT
  • Students Guide
    • Careers Opportunities
    • Courses & Career
    • Courses after 12th
  • Mock Tests
  • Others
    • RD Sharma Solutions
    • HC Verma Solutions
    • Teaching Material
    • Classes Wise Resources
No Result
View All Result
aglasem
No Result
View All Result

CBSE Notes Class 12 Chemistry Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

by aglasem
March 14, 2023
in 12th Class
  • LPU (Ranked #1) 2023 Application - Apply Now!
  • VITEEE 2023 B-TECH Application - Apply Now!
  • MAHE (MET) Applications 2023 - Apply Now!
  • UPES Dehradun Applications 2023 - Apply Now!

Class 12 Chemistry Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids – Get here the Notes for Class 12 Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids. Candidates who are ambitious to qualify the Class 12 with good score can check this article for Notes. This is possible only when you have the best CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Notes, study material, and a smart preparation plan. CBSE 2019 Class 12th Exam is approaching and candidates will have to make the best use of the time available towards the last stage of your CBSE Class 12th Chemistry Preparation. To help you with that, below we have provided the Notes of 12 Chemistry for topic Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids.

  • Class: 12th
  • Subject: Chemistry 
  • Topic: Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
  • Resource: Notes

CBSE Notes Class 12 Chemistry Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

Candidates who are pursuing in Class 12 are advised to revise the notes from this post. With the help of Notes, candidates can plan their Strategy for particular weaker section of the subject and study hard. So, go ahead and check the Important Notes for Class 12 Chemistry Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids.

In aldehydes, the carbonyl group ( )C=O) is bonded to carbon and hydrogen, while in the ketones, it is bonded to two carbon atoms

Nature of Carbonyl Group

The carbon and oxygen of the carbonyl group are Sp2 hybridised and the carbonyl double bond contains one o-bond and one π-bond.

Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

The electronegativity of oxygen is much higher than that of the carbon, so there electron cloud is shifted towards the oxygen. Therefore, C-O bond is polar in nature.

Nomenclature

(i) Nomenclature of aldehydes In IUPAC system, the suffix “e” of alkane is replaced by the suffIX “al”. e.g.,

Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

(ii) Nomenclature of ketones In IUPAC system, the suffix “e” of alkane is replaced by “one”. e.g.,

Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones

(i) By oxidation of alcohols Aldehydes and ketones are generally prepared by oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols, respectively.

Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

(ii) By dehydrogenation of alcohols In this method, alcohol vapours are passed over heavy metal catalysts (Ag or Cu). Primary and secondary alcohols give aldehydes and ketones.

Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

(iii) By ozonolysis of alkenes

Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

(iv) By hydration of alkynes Acetylene on hydration gives acetaldehyde and other alkynes on hydration give ketones.

Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

Preparation of Aldehydes

Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

Preparation of Ketones

Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

Physical Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones

1. Methanal (HCHO) is a gas at room temperature. and its 40% aqueous solution is known as formalin. It is a reducing agent in silvering of mirrors and decolourising vat dyes.
2. Ethanal (CH3CHO) is a volatile liquid. Other aldehydes and ketones are liquid or solid at room temperature.
3. The boiling point of aldehydes and ketones are higher than hydrocarbons and ethers of comparable molecular mass due to high magnitude of dipole-dipole interactions.
4. Aldehydes and ketones have lower boiling point than those of alcohols of similar molecular masses due to absence of intermolecular hydrogen bonding.
5. The lower members of aldehydes and ketones are miscible with water due to the formation of hydrogen bond with water. However, the solubility decreases with increase in length of alkyl chain.
6. Acetophenone is a hypnotic (sleep producing drug) so used as a medicine under the name hypnone.

Chemical Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones

Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

(ii) Addition of ammonia and its derivatives Reaction with ammonia

Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

Some N-substituted Derivatives of Aldehydes and Ketones

Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

(iii) Reduction Aldehydes and ketones are reduced to primary and secondary alcohols respectively by sodium borohydride (NaBH4) or lithium aluminium hydride [LiAlH4].

Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

(iv) Oxidation Aldehydes get easily oxidised to carboxylic acids by HNO3, KMnO4, K2Cr2O7, etc., or even by mild oxidising agent.

Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

During oxidation of unsymmetrical ketones the point of cleavage is such that keto group stays preferentially with the smaller alkyl group popoff’s rule).

Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

[Fehling solution is a mixture of Fehling solution A and Fehling solution B in 1: 1 ratio. Fehling solution A is aqueous copper sulphate and Fehling solution B is alkaline sodium potassium tartrate which is also called, Rochelle salt.]

(c) Benedict solution With it, aldehydes (except benzaldehyde) also give red ppt. of CU2O.

(d) Schiff’s reagent It is an aqueous solution of magenta or pink coloured rosaniline hydrochloride which has been decolourised by passing SO2, Aldehydes give pink colour with this reagent but ketones do not.

Haloform reaction Aldehydes and ketones having at east one methyl group [3-α hydrogen] linked to the carbonyl carbon atom (methyl ketones) are oxidised by sodium hypohalite to sodium salts of corresponding carboxylic acids having one carbon atom less than that of carbonyl compound. The methyl group is converted to haloform.

Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

Iodoform reaction with sodium hypoiodite is also used for the detection of CH3 – group or CH3CH(OH)- group by producing yellow solid CHI3.

(v) Aldol condensation

Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

Its further condensation gives phorone,

This reaction is exhibited by those aldehydes and ketones which have at least one a-hydrogen.

(vi) Cross aldol condensation Base catalysed crossed aldol condensation between an aromatic aldehyde and an aliphatic aldehyde or ketone is called Claisen-Schmidt condensation or Claisen reaction.

Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

The above reaction is called Benzoin condensation, not the cross aldol condensation.

(vii) Cannizzaro reaction Aldehydes which do not have any α – hydrogen atom, undergo self oxidation and reduction (disproportionation) reaction on treatment with concentrated alkali.

Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

(viii) Electrophilic substitution reaction Aromatic aldehydes and ketones undergo electrophilic substitution. Carbonyl group shows + R effect, therefore acts as a deactivating and meta directing group.

Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

(ix) Baeyer- ViLLiger oxidation With Caro’s acid (H2SO5) or per benzoic acid (C6H5CO3H) or peracetic acid (CH3CO3H) aliphatic ketones give ester.

Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

(xi) Knoevenagel reaction It involves condensation between active methylene group and ,carbonyl groups in the presence of base.

Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

Carboxylic Acids

Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

Classification

Depending upon the number of -COOH groups, they are classified as

(i) monocarboxylic acids; containing one -COOH group

(ii) dicarboxylic acids: containing two -COOH groups.

Sources of carboxylic acids

Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

Nomenclature

Their IUPAC names have been derived from the corresponding alkanes by replacing the letter ‘li of the alkane with ‘oic’ and adding suffix ‘acid’ at the end, Thus, monocarboxylic acids are called alkanoic acids.

Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

Methods of Preparation of Monocarboxylic Acids

(i) From primary alcohols and aldehydes

Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

(ii) From alkyl benzenes Alkyl benzene when treated with strong oxidising agent like H2CrO4 (chromic acid), acidic or alkaline KMnO4 gives benzoic acid.

Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

(iii) From acid derivatives All acid derivatives like amides (RCONH2), acid halides (RCOCl), esters (RCOOR’), acid anhydrides (RCO-O-COR) on hydrolysis give carboxylic acids. All acid derivatives break from RCO+.

Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

(iv) From nitriles and amides Nitriles are hydrolysed to amides and then to acids in the presence of H+ or OH– as catalyst. Mild reaction conditions are used to stop the reaction at the amide stage.

Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

(v) From Grignard reagents Grignard reagents react with carbon dioxide (dry ice) to form salts of carboxylic acids which in turn give corresponding carboxylic acids after acidification with mineral acid

Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

Physical Properties of Carboxylic Acids

1. Aliphatic carboxylic acids up to nine carbon atoms are colourless liquids at room temperature with unpleasant odours. The higher acids are wax like solids.

2. The lower carboxylic acids are freely miscible with water due to the presence of intermolecular hydrogen bonding with H2O molecules. However, the solubility in water decreases gradually due to increase in the size of alkyl group.

3. Monocarboxylic acids have higher boiling points as compared to the alcohols of comparable molecular masses due to the presence of stronger intermolecular hydrogen bonding as shown below.

Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

4. Melting points of aliphatic monocarboxylic acids shows alternation or oscillation effect, i.e., the m.p. of an acid with even number of carbon atoms is higher than the next lower and next higher homologue containing odd number of carbon atoms. This is because, in case of acids with even number of carbon atoms, the terminal -CH3 and -COOH groups lie on the opposite sides of the zig-zag chain. As a result, they get closely packed in the crystal lattice.

5. Glacial acetic acid is completely pure acetic acid and represents the solid state of acetic acid. Below 16.6°C temperature pure acetic acid is converted into ice like solid hence it is called glacial acetic acid.

Chemical Properties of Carboxylic Acids

Carboxylic acids do not give reactions of carbonyl groups as it enters into resonance with lone pair of O of -OH group.

(i) Acidity

Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

Above reactions are used to detect the presence of carboxyl group Ul an organic compound. ,

Carboxylic acids dissociate in water to give resonance stabilised carboxylate anions and hydronium ion.

Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

The strength of the acid is expressed in terms of the dissociation constant (Ka), also called acidity constant. A stronger acid has higher Ka but lesser pKavalue (pKa == -log Ka).

The electron releasing substituents (+1 effect) decrease the acidic strength of the carboxylic acids by destabilising the carboxylate ion.

Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

The electron withdrawing substituents (-1 effect) such as halogen atoms (X), nitro (NO2) group increase the acidic strength by decreasing the magnitude of the negative charge on the carboxylate anion and thus stabilising it. The release of H+ ion becomes easy.

Acidic strength order

Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

This is because -1 effect decreases in the order : F > C1 > Br > I.

Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

This is because – I effect decreases with distance.

Per acetic acid (CH3COOO-H) is a weaker acid than acetic acid as acetate ion is stabilised by resonance.

Acidic strength of aromatic acids The parent member of the family benzoic acid which is a weaker acid (Ka = 6.3 x 10-5) than acid (Ka = 17.7 x 10-5) but stronger than acetic acid.

Some order of acidity are

Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

(b) Similarly, Ka values of methyl substituted (toluic acids) at 298 K are as follows:

Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

From the Ka values, it is evident that with the exception of o-isomer, both p and m-toluic acids are weaker acids than benzoic acid whereas the three isomeric nitro benzoic acids are stronger acids than benzoic acid.

(ii) Reactions involving cleavage of C-O-H bond

(a) Formation of anhydride

Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

Mechanism

Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

(iii) Chemical reactions involving – COOH group

Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

(iv) Substitution reactions in the hydrocarbon part α -hydrogen atoms in carboxylic acids are acidic in nature and can be easily replaced by halogen atoms in HVZ reaction

Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

The reaction is known as Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky reaction.

(v) Arndt-Eistert reaction It is method of converting lower carboxylic acids to their higher homologues

Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

(vi) Reducing property Among carboxylic acids, formic acid is the only acid that acts as reducing agent. It reduces, acidified KMnO4 to MnSO4, HgCl2 to Hg, Tollen’s reagent to silver mirror and Fehling’s solution to red ppt. and itself gets oxidised to CO2 and H2O.

HCOOH + HgCl2→ Hg + 2HCI + CO2

(vii) Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic acids -COOH group shows -R effect, therefore, acts as a deactivating and meta-directing group. Carboxylic acids do not undergo Friedel-Craft’s reaction because the carboxylic group IS deactivating and the catalyst AlCl3 (anhy.) gets bonded to the carboxyl group.

Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

Uses

1. Formic acid is used in leather tanning, textile dyeing and finishing.
2. Acetic acid is used in the manufacture of rayon and in plastics, in in rubber and silk industries, in cooking and in vinegar (a 8-10% solution of acetic acid).
3. Benzoic acid and its salts are used as urinary antiseptics.
4. Formic acid can act as a reducing agent.

Derivatives of Carboxylic acids

These are obtained when -OH group of carboxylic acids is replaced by Cl, NH2, OR’ and OCOR and are called respectively acid chloride, acid amide, ester and acid anhydride.

Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

Properties of Acid Derivatives

1. Chemical reactions of acid halides

Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

2. Chemical reactions of acid amides

Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

3. Chemical reactions of ester

Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

4. Chemical reactions of anhydrides

Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

Class 12 Key Points, Important Questions & Practice Papers

Hope these notes helped you in your schools exam preparation. Candidates can also check out the Key Points, Important Questions & Practice Papers for various Subjects for Class 12 in both Hindi and English language form the link below.

Class 12 Physics कक्षा 12 व्यावसायिक अध्ययन
Class 12 Chemistry कक्षा 12 समाज शास्त्र
Class 12 Maths कक्षा 12 अर्थशास्त्र
Class 12 Biology कक्षा 12 भूगोल
Class 12 Business Studies
Class 12 Economics
Class 12 Sociology

Class 12 NCERT Solutions

Candidates who are studying in Class 12 can also check Class 12 NCERT Solutions from here. This will help the candidates to know the solutions for all subjects covered in Class 12th. Candidates can click on the subject wise link to get the same. Class 12 Chapter-wise, detailed solutions to the questions of the NCERT textbooks are provided with the objective of helping students compare their answers with the sample answers.

  • Hindi
  • Physics
  • Chemistry
  • Biology
  • Maths
  • Business Studies

Class 12 Mock Test / Practice

Mock test are the practice test or you can say the blue print of the main exam. Before appearing in the main examination, candidates must try mock test as it helps the students learn from their mistakes. With the help of Class 12 Mock Test / Practice, candidates can also get an idea about the pattern and marking scheme of that examination. For the sake of the candidates we are providing Class 12 Mock Test / Practice links below.

  • Maths
  • Physics
  • Chemistry
  • Biology

Class 12 Exemplar Questions

Exemplar Questions Class 12 is a very important resource for students preparing for the Examination. Here we have provided Exemplar Problems Solutions along with NCERT Exemplar Problems Class 12. Question from very important topics is covered by Exemplar Questions for Class 12.

Physics गणित
Chemistry भौतिक विज्ञान
Maths सायन विज्ञान
Biology

Class 12 Chemistry Maths Notes Physics Notes Biology Notes

Tags: CBSE 12 NotesChemistry NotesClass 12 NotesClass 12thNotes
Previous Post

CBSE Notes Class 12 Chemistry Polymers

Next Post

CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Notes : Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers

Related Posts

PSEB Sample Paper
12th Class

PSEB 12th Model Paper 2023 for Economics (PDF) – PSEB Class 12 Economics Sample Paper

PSEB Sample Paper
12th Class

PSEB 12th Model Paper 2023 for Accountancy (PDF) – PSEB Class 12 Accountancy Sample Paper

PSEB Sample Paper
12th Class

PSEB 12th Model Paper 2023 for Environmental (PDF) – PSEB Class 12 Environmental Sample Paper

PSEB Model Test Paper
12th Class

PSEB 12th Model Paper 2023 (PDF) – Punjab Board Sample Paper for Class 12

Leave a Reply Cancel reply

CBSE Board Quick Links

  • CBSE Date Sheet
  • CBSE Result
  • CBSE Syllabus
  • CBSE Sample Papers
  • CBSE Question Papers
  • CBSE Notes
  • CBSE Practice Papers
  • CBSE Mock Tests

Class Wise Study Material

  • Class 1
  • Class 2
  • Class 3
  • Class 4
  • Class 5
  • Class 6
  • Class 7
  • Class 8
  • Class 9
  • Class 10
  • Class 11
  • Class 12

Registration Open!!

  • UPES Dehradun Applications 2023 - Apply Now!
  • VITEEE 2023 B-TECH Application - Apply Now!
  • MAHE (MET) Applications 2023 - Apply Now!
  • LPU (Ranked #1) 2023 Application - Apply Now!

Board Exams 2023

  • Solved Sample Papers
  • Maps
  • Revision Notes
  • CBSE
  • State Board

Study Material

  • Class Notes
  • NCERT Solutions
  • NCERT Books
  • HC Verma Solutions
  • Courses After Class 12th

Exam Zone

  • JEE Main 2023
  • NEET 2023
  • CLAT 2023
  • Fashion & Design
  • Latest
  • Disclaimer
  • Terms of Use
  • Privacy Policy
  • Contact

© 2019 aglasem.com

  • Home
  • CBSE
    • Date Sheet
    • Syllabus
    • Sample Papers
    • Question Papers
  • ICSE / ISC
  • State Boards
    • Date Sheet
    • Admit Card
    • Result
    • Sample Paper
    • Question Paper
  • NCERT
    • NCERT Solutions
    • NCERT Books
    • NCERT Audio Books
    • NCERT Exempler
  • Study Material
    • Notes
    • Solved Sample Papers
    • Maps
    • Writing Skill Format
  • Olympiads
    • NTSE
    • NMMS
  • School Admission
  • Entrance Exams
    • JEE Main
    • NEET
    • CLAT
  • Students Guide
    • Careers Opportunities
    • Courses & Career
    • Courses after 12th
  • Mock Tests
  • Others
    • RD Sharma Solutions
    • HC Verma Solutions
    • Teaching Material
    • Classes Wise Resources

© 2019 aglasem.com

LPU Application Form 2023 Click Here!