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CBSE Notes Class 12 Maths Vectors

by aglasem
June 1, 2022
in 12th Class
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Class 12 Maths Vectors – Get here the Notes for Class 12 Maths Vectors. Candidates who are ambitious to qualify the Class 12 with good score can check this article for Notes. This is possible only when you have the best CBSE Class 12 Maths study material and a smart preparation plan. To assist you with that, we are here with notes. Hope these notes will helps you understand the important topics and remember the key points for exam point of view. Below we provided the Notes of Class 12 Maths for topic Vectors.

  • Class: 12th
  • Subject: Maths 
  • Topic: Vectors
  • Resource: Notes

CBSE Notes Class 12 Maths Vectors

Candidates who are pursuing in Class 12 are advised to revise the notes from this post. With the help of Notes, candidates can plan their Strategy for particular weaker section of the subject and study hard. So, go ahead and check the Important Notes for Class 12 Maths Vectors

A vector has direction and magnitude both but scalar has only magnitude.

Magnitude of a vector a is denoted by |a| or a. It is non-negative scalar.

Equality of Vectors

Two vectors a and b are said to be equal written as a = b, if they have (i) same length (ii) the same or parallel support and (iii) the same sense.

Types of Vectors

(i) Zero or Null Vector A vector whose initial and terminal points are coincident is called zero or null vector. It is denoted by 0.

(ii) Unit Vector A vector whose magnitude is unity is called a unit vector which is denoted by nˆ

(iii) Free Vectors If the initial point of a vector is not specified, then it is said to be a free vector.

(iv) Negative of a Vector A vector having the same magnitude as that of a given vector a and the direction opposite to that of a is called the negative of a and it is denoted by —a.

(v) Like and Unlike Vectors Vectors are said to be like when they have the same direction and unlike when they have opposite direction.

(vi) Collinear or Parallel Vectors Vectors having the same or parallel supports are called collinear vectors.

(vii) Coinitial Vectors Vectors having same initial point are called coinitial vectors.

(viii) Coterminous Vectors Vectors having the same terminal point are called coterminous vectors.

(ix) Localized Vectors A vector which is drawn parallel to a given vector through a specified point in space is called localized vector.

(x) Coplanar Vectors A system of vectors is said to be coplanar, if their supports are parallel to the same plane. Otherwise they are called non-coplanar vectors.

(xi) Reciprocal of a Vector A vector having the same direction as that of a given vector but magnitude equal to the reciprocal of the given vector is known as the reciprocal of a.

i.e., if |a| = a, then |a-1| = 1 / a.

Addition of Vectors

Let a and b be any two vectors. From the terminal point of a, vector b is drawn. Then, the vector from the initial point O of a to the terminal point B of b is called the sum of vectors a and b and is denoted by a + b. This is called the triangle law of addition of vectors.

CBSE Class 12 Maths Notes Vectors

Parallelogram Law

Let a and b be any two vectors. From the initial point of a, vector b is drawn and parallelogram OACB is completed with OA and OB as adjacent sides. The vector OC is defined as the sum of a and b. This is called the parallelogram law of addition of vectors.

The sum of two vectors is also called their resultant and the process of addition as composition.

CBSE Class 12 Maths Notes Vectors

Properties of Vector Addition

(i) a + b = b + a (commutativity)

(ii) a + (b + c)= (a + b)+ c (associativity)

(iii) a+ O = a (additive identity)

(iv) a + (— a) = 0 (additive inverse)

(v) (k1 + k2) a = k1 a + k2a (multiplication by scalars)

(vi) k(a + b) = k a + k b (multiplication by scalars)

(vii) |a+ b| ≤ |a| + |b| and |a – b| ≥ |a| – |b|

Difference (Subtraction) of Vectors

If a and b be any two vectors, then their difference a – b is defined as a + (- b).

CBSE Class 12 Maths Notes Vectors

Multiplication of a Vector by a Scalar

Let a be a given vector and λ be a scalar. Then, the product of the vector a by the scalar λ is λ a and is called the multiplication of vector by the scalar.

Important Properties

(i) |λ a| = |λ| |a|

(ii) λ O = O

(iii) m (-a) = – ma = – (m a)

(iv) (-m) (-a) = m a

(v) m (n a) = mn a = n(m a)

(vi) (m + n)a = m a+ n a

(vii) m (a+b) = m a + m b

Vector Equation of Joining by Two Points

Let P1 (x1, y1, z1) and P2 (x2, y2, z2) are any two points, then the vector joining P1 and P2 is the vector P1 P2.

CBSE Class 12 Maths Notes Vectors

The component vectors of P and Q are

OP = x1i + y1j + z1k

and OQ = x2i + y2j + z2k

i.e., P1 P2 = (x2i + y2j + z2k) – (x1i + y1j + z1k)

= (x2 – x1) i + (y2 – y1) j + (z2 – z1) k

Its magnitude is

P1 P2 = √(x2 – x1)2 + (y2 – y1)2 + (z2 – z1)2

Position Vector of a Point

The position vector of a point P with respect to a fixed point, say O, is the vector OP. The fixed point is called the origin.

Let PQ be any vector. We have PQ = PO + OQ = — OP + OQ = OQ — OP = Position vector of Q — Position vector of P.

CBSE Class 12 Maths Notes Vectors

i.e., PQ = PV of Q — PV of P

Collinear Vectors

Vectors a and b are collinear, if a = λb, for some non-zero scalar λ.

Collinear Points

Let A, B, C be any three points.

Points A, B, C are collinear <=> AB, BC are collinear vectors.

<=> AB = λBC for some non-zero scalar λ.

Section Formula

Let A and B be two points with position vectors a and b, respectively and OP= r.

(i) Let P be a point dividing AB internally in the ratio m : n. Then,

r = m b + n a / m + n

CBSE Class 12 Maths Notes Vectors

Also, (m + n) OP = m OB + n OA

(ii) The position vector of the mid-point of a and b is a + b / 2.

(iii) Let P be a point dividing AB externally in the ratio m : n. Then,

r = m b + n a / m + n

Position Vector of Different Centre of a Triangle

(i) If a, b, c be PV’s of the vertices A, B, C of a ΔABC respectively, then the PV of the centroid G of the triangle is a + b + c / 3.

(ii) The PV of incentre of ΔABC is (BC)a + (CA)b + (AB)c / BC + CA + AB

(iii) The PV of orthocentre of ΔABC is

a(tan A) + b(tan B) + c(tan C) / tan A + tan B + tan C

Scalar Product of Two Vectors

If a and b are two non-zero vectors, then the scalar or dot product of a and b is denoted by a * b and is defined as a * b = |a| |b| cos θ, where θ is the angle between the two vectors and 0 < θ < π .

(i) The angle between two vectors a and b is defined as the smaller angle θ between them, when they are drawn with the same initial point.

Usually, we take 0 < θ < π.Angle between two like vectors is O and angle between two unlike vectors is π .

(ii) If either a or b is the null vector, then scalar product of the vector is zero.

(iii) If a and b are two unit vectors, then a * b = cos θ.

(iv) The scalar product is commutative

i.e., a * b= b * a

(v) If i , j and k are mutually perpendicular unit vectors i , j and k, then

i * i = j * j = k * k =1

and i * j = j * k = k * i = 0

(vi) The scalar product of vectors is distributive over vector addition.

(a) a * (b + c) = a * b + a * c (left distributive)
(b) (b + c) * a = b * a + c * a (right distributive)

Note Length of a vector as a scalar product

If a be any vector, then the scalar product

a * a = |a| |a| cosθ ⇒ |a|2 = a2 ⇒ a = |a|

Condition of perpendicularity a * b = 0 <=> a ⊥ b, a and b being non-zero vectors.

Important Points to be Remembered

(i) (a + b) * (a – b) = |a|22 – |b|2

(ii) |a + b|2 = |a|22 + |b|2 + 2 (a * b)

(iii) |a – b|2 = |a|22 + |b|2 – 2 (a * b)

(iv) |a + b|2 + |a – b|2 = (|a|22 + |b|2) and |a + b|2 – |a – b|2 = 4 (a * b)

or a * b = 1 / 4 [ |a + b|2 – |a – b|2 ]

(v) If |a + b| = |a| + |b|, then a is parallel to b.

(vi) If |a + b| = |a| – |b|, then a is parallel to b.

(vii) (a * b)2 ≤ |a|22 |b|2

(viii) If a = a1i + a2j + a3k, then |a|2 = a * a = a12 + a22 + a32

Or

|a| = √a12 + a22 + a32

(ix) Angle between Two Vectors If θ is angle between two non-zero vectors, a, b, then we have

a * b = |a| |b| cos θ

cos θ = a * b / |a| |b|

If a = a1i + a2j + a3k and b = b1i + b2j + b3k

Then, the angle θ between a and b is given by

cos θ = a * b / |a| |b| = a1b1 + a2b2 + a3b3 / √a12 + a22 + a32 √b12 + b22 + b32

(x) Projection and Component of a Vector

Projection of a on b = a * b / |a|

Projection of b on a = a * b / |a|

Vector component of a vector a on b

CBSE Class 12 Maths Notes Vectors

Similarly, the vector component of b on a = ((a * b) / |a2|) * a

(xi) Work done by a Force

The work done by a force is a scalar quantity equal to the product of the magnitude of the force and the resolved part of the displacement.

∴ F * S = dot products of force and displacement.

Suppose F1, F1,…, Fn are n forces acted on a particle, then during the displacement S of the particle, the separate forces do quantities of work F1 * S, F2 * S, Fn * S.

CBSE Class 12 Maths Notes Vectors

Here, system of forces were replaced by its resultant R.

Vector or Cross Product of Two Vectors

The vector product of the vectors a and b is denoted by a * b and it is defined as

a * b = (|a| |b| sin θ) n = ab sin θ n …..(i)

where, a = |a|, b= |b|, θ is the angle between the vectors a and b and n is a unit vector which is perpendicular to both a and b, such that a, b and n form a right-handed triad of vectors.

Important Points to be Remembered

(i) Let a = a1i + a2j + a3k and b = b1i + b2j + b3k

CBSE Class 12 Maths Notes Vectors

(ii) If a = b or if a is parallel to b, then sin θ = 0 and so a * b = 0.

(iii) The direction of a * b is regarded positive, if the rotation from a to b appears to be anti-clockwise.

(iv) a * b is perpendicular to the plane, which contains both a and b. Thus, the unit vector perpendicular to both a and b or to the plane containing is given by n = a * b / |a * b| = a * b / ab sin θ

(v) Vector product of two parallel or collinear vectors is zero.

(vi) If a * b = 0, then a = O or b = 0 or a and b are parallel on collinear.

(vii) Vector Product of Two Perpendicular Vectors

If θ = 900, then sin θ = 1, i.e. , a * b = (ab)n or |a * b| = |ab n| = ab

(viii) Vector Product of Two Unit Vectors If a and b are unit vectors, then

a = |a| = 1, b = |b| = 1
∴ a * b = ab sin θ n = (sin theta;).n

(ix) Vector Product is not Commutative The two vector products a * b and b * a are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction.

i.e., b * a =- a * b ……..(i)

(x) The vector product of a vector a with itself is null vector, i. e., a * a= 0.

(xi) Distributive Law For any three vectors a, b, c

a * (b + c) = (a * b) + (a * c)

(xii) Area of a Triangle and Parallelogram

(a) The vector area of a ΔABC is equal to 1 / 2 |AB * AC| or 1 / 2 |BC * BA| or 1 / 2 |CB * CA|.

(b) The area of a ΔABC with vertices having PV’s a, b, c respectively, is 1 / 2 |a * b + b * c + c * a|.

(c) The points whose PV’s are a, b, c are collinear, if and only if a * b + b * c + c * a

(d) The area of a parallelogram with adjacent sides a and b is |a * b|.

(e) The area of a Parallelogram with diagonals a and b is 1 / 2 |a * b|.

(f) The area of a quadrilateral ABCD is equal to 1 / 2 |AC * BD|.

(xiii) Vector Moment of a Force about a Point

The vector moment of torque M of a force F about the point O is the vector whose magnitude is equal to the product of |F| and the perpendicular distance of the point O from the line of action of F.

CBSE Class 12 Maths Notes Vectors

∴ M = r * F

where, r is the position vector of A referred to O.

(a) The moment of force F about O is independent of the choice of point A on the line of action of F.

(b) If several forces are acting through the same point A, then the vector sum of the moments of the separate forces about a point O is equal to the moment of their resultant force about O.

(xiv) The Moment of a Force about a Line

CBSE Class 12 Maths Notes Vectors

Let F be a force acting at a point A, O be any point on the given line L and a be the unit vector along the line, then moment of F about the line L is a scalar given by (OA x F) * a

(xv) Moment of a Couple

(a) Two equal and unlike parallel forces whose lines of action are different are said to constitute a couple.

(b) Let P and Q be any two points on the lines of action of the forces – F and F, respectively.

CBSE Class 12 Maths Notes Vectors

The moment of the couple = PQ x F

Scalar Triple Product

If a, b, c are three vectors, then (a * b) * c is called scalar triple product and is denoted by [a b c].

∴ [a b c] = (a * b) * c

Geometrical Interpretation of Scalar Triple Product

The scalar triple product (a * b) * c represents the volume of a parallelepiped whose coterminous edges are represented by a, b and c which form a right handed system of vectors.

Expression of the scalar triple product (a * b) * c in terms of components

a = a1i + a1j + a1k, b = a2i + a2j + a2k, c = a3i + a3j + a3k is

CBSE Class 12 Maths Notes Vectors

Properties of Scalar Triple Products

1. The scalar triple product is independent of the positions of dot and cross i.e., (a * b) * c = a * (b * c).

2. The scalar triple product of three vectors is unaltered so long as the cyclic order of the vectors remains unchanged.

i.e., (a * b) * c = (b * c) * a= (c * a) * b
or
[a b c] = [b c a] = [c a b].

3. The scalar triple product changes in sign but not in magnitude, when the cyclic order is changed.

i.e., [a b c] = – [a c b] etc.

4. The scalar triple product vanishes, if any two of its vectors are equal.

i.e., [a a b] = 0, [a b a] = 0 and [b a a] = 0.

5. The scalar triple product vanishes, if any two of its vectors are parallel or collinear.

6. For any scalar x, [x a b c] = x [a b c]. Also, [x a yb zc] = xyz [a b c].

7. For any vectors a, b, c, d, [a + b c d] = [a c d] + [b c d]

8. [i j k] = 1

CBSE Class 12 Maths Notes Vectors

11. Three non-zero vectors a, b and c are coplanar, if and only if [a b c] = 0.

12. Four points A, B, C, D with position vectors a, b, c, d respectively are coplanar, if and only if [AB AC AD] = 0.

i.e., if and only if [b — a c— a d— a] = 0.

13. Volume of parallelepiped with three coterminous edges a, b,c is | [a b c] |.

14. Volume of prism on a triangular base with three coterminous edges a, b,c is 1 / 2 | [a b c] |.

15. Volume of a tetrahedron with three coterminous edges a, b,c is 1 / 6 | [a b c] |.

16. If a, b, c and d are position vectors of vertices of a tetrahedron, then

Volume = 1 / 6 [b — a c — a d — a].

Vector Triple Product

If a, b, c be any three vectors, then (a * b) * c and a * (b * c) are known as vector triple product.

∴ a * (b * c)= (a * c)b — (a * b) c

and (a * b) * c = (a * c)b — (b * c) a

Important Properties

(i) The vector r = a * (b * c) is perpendicular to a and lies in the plane b and c.

(ii) a * (b * c) ≠ (a * b) * c, the cross product of vectors is not associative.

(iii) a * (b * c)= (a * b) * c, if and only if and only if (a * c)b — (a * b) c = (a * c)b — (b * c) a, if and only if c = (b * c) / (a * b) * a

Or if and only if vectors a and c are collinear.

Reciprocal System of Vectors

Let a, b and c be three non-coplanar vectors and let

a’ = b * c / [a b c], b’ = c * a / [a b c], c’ = a * b / [a b c]

Then, a’, b’ and c’ are said to form a reciprocal system of a, b and c.

Properties of Reciprocal System

(i) a * a’ = b * b’= c * c’ = 1

(ii) a * b’= a * c’ = 0, b * a’ = b * c’ = 0, c * a’ = c * b’= 0

(iii) [a’, b’, c’] [a b c] = 1 ⇒ [a’ b’ c’] = 1 / [a b c]

(iv) a = b’ * c’ / [a’, b’, c’], b = c’ * a’ / [a’, b’, c’], c = a’ * b’ / [a’, b’, c’]

Thus, a, b, c is reciprocal to the system a’, b’ ,c’.

(v) The orthonormal vector triad i, j, k form self reciprocal system.

(vi) If a, b, c be a system of non-coplanar vectors and a’, b’, c’ be the reciprocal system of vectors, then any vector r can be expressed as r = (r * a’ )a + (r * b’)b + (r * c’) c.

Linear Combination of Vectors

Let a, b, c,… be vectors and x, y, z, … be scalars, then the expression x a yb + z c + … is called a linear combination of vectors a, b, c,….

Collinearity of Three Points

The necessary and sufficient condition that three points with PV’s b, c are collinear is that there exist three scalars x, y, z not all zero such that xa + yb + zc ⇒ x + y + z = 0.

Coplanarity of Four Points

The necessary and sufficient condition that four points with PV’s a, b, c, d are coplanar, if there exist scalar x, y, z, t not all zero, such that xa + yb + zc + td = 0 rArr; x + y + z + t = 0.

If r = xa + yb + zc…

Then, the vector r is said to be a linear combination of vectors a, b, c,….

Linearly Independent and Dependent System of Vectors

(i) The system of vectors a, b, c,… is said to be linearly dependent, if there exists a scalars x, y, z, … not all zero, such that xa + yb + zc + … = 0.

(ii) The system of vectors a, b, c, … is said to be linearly independent, if xa + yb + zc + td = 0 rArr; x + y + z + t… = 0.

Important Points to be Remembered

(i) Two non-collinear vectors a and b are linearly independent.

(ii) Three non-coplanar vectors a, b and c are linearly independent.

(iii) More than three vectors are always linearly dependent.

Resolution of Components of a Vector in a Plane

Let a and b be any two non-collinear vectors, then any vector r coplanar with a and b, can be uniquely expressed as r = x a + y b, where x, y are scalars and x a, y b are called components of vectors in the directions of a and b, respectively.

CBSE Class 12 Maths Notes Vectors

∴ Position vector of P(x, y) = x i + y j.

OP2 = OA2 + AP2 = |x|2 + |y|2 = x2 + y2

OP = √x2 + y2. This is the magnitude of OP.

where, x i and y j are also called resolved parts of OP in the directions of i and j, respectively.

Vector Equation of Line and Plane

(i) Vector equation of the straight line passing through origin and parallel to b is given by r = t b, where t is scalar.

(ii) Vector equation of the straight line passing through a and parallel to b is given by r = a + t b, where t is scalar.

(iii) Vector equation of the straight line passing through a and b is given by r = a + t(b – a), where t is scalar.

(iv) Vector equation of the plane through origin and parallel to b and c is given by r = s b + t c, where s and t are scalars.

(v) Vector equation of the plane passing through a and parallel to b and c is given by r = a + sb + t c, where s and t are scalars.

(vi) Vector equation of the plane passing through a, b and c is r = (1 – s – t)a + sb + tc, where s and t are scalars.

Bisectors of the Angle between Two Lines

(i) The bisectors of the angle between the lines r = λa and r = μb are given by r = &lamba; (a / |a| &plumsn; b / |b|)

(ii) The bisectors of the angle between the lines r = a + λb and r = a + μc are given by r = a + &lamba; (b / |b| &plumsn; c / |c|).

Class 12 Key Points, Important Questions & Practice Papers

Hope these notes helped you in your schools exam preparation. Candidates can also check out the Key Points, Important Questions & Practice Papers for various Subjects for Class 12 in both Hindi and English language form the link below.

Class 12 Physics कक्षा 12 व्यावसायिक अध्ययन
Class 12 Chemistry कक्षा 12 समाज शास्त्र
Class 12 Maths कक्षा 12 अर्थशास्त्र
Class 12 Biology कक्षा 12 भूगोल
Class 12 Business Studies
Class 12 Economics
Class 12 Sociology

Class 12 NCERT Solutions

Candidates who are studying in Class 12 can also check Class 12 NCERT Solutions from here. This will help the candidates to know the solutions for all subjects covered in Class 12th. Candidates can click on the subject wise link to get the same. Class 12 Chapter-wise, detailed solutions to the questions of the NCERT textbooks are provided with the objective of helping students compare their answers with the sample answers.

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Class 12 Mock Test / Practice

Mock test are the practice test or you can say the blue print of the main exam. Before appearing in the main examination, candidates must try mock test as it helps the students learn from their mistakes. With the help of Class 12 Mock Test / Practice, candidates can also get an idea about the pattern and marking scheme of that examination. For the sake of the candidates we are providing Class 12 Mock Test / Practice links below.

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Class 12 Exemplar Questions

Exemplar Questions Class 12 is a very important resource for students preparing for the Examination. Here we have provided Exemplar Problems Solutions along with NCERT Exemplar Problems Class 12. Question from very important topics is covered by Exemplar Questions for Class 12.

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Chemistry भौतिक विज्ञान
Maths सायन विज्ञान
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