NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Geography Chapter 4 Human Development

Ans : (i) (c) a positive change in quality
(ii) (c) Dr Mahbub-ul-Haq 

Ans : (i) The three basic areas of human development are:
Access to resources
Health
Education


(ii) The four main components of human development are:
Equity
Sustainability
Productivity
Empowerment


(iii) Countries are classified into three groups on the basis of human development index:
Countries with High Index value: Countries who have a score of above 0.8 in HOI. This group includes 57 countries.
Countries with Medium Index value: Countries who have a score between 0.5 upto O. 799 in HOI. This group includes 88 countries.
Countries with Low Index value: Countries who have a score of below 0.5 in HOI. This group includes 32 countries.
 

Ans : 
The concept of human development was introduced by Dr Mahbub-ul-Haq_ Dr Haq has described human development as development that enlarges people's choices and improves their lives.
People are central to all development under this concept. These choices are not fixed but
keep on changing.
The basic goal of development is to create conditions where people can live meaningful
lives.
A meaningful lite is not just a long one. It must be a lite with some purpose.
This means that people must be healthy, be able to develop their talents, participate in
society and be tree to achieve their goals.


(ii) Equity refers to making equal access to opportunities available to everybody. The
opportunities available to people must be equal irrespective of their gender. race. income and
in the Indian case. Caste. Sustainability means continuity in the availability of opportunities. To have sustainable human development. each generation must have the same opportunities. All environmental. Financial and human resources must be used keeping in mind the future. Misuse or any of these resources will lead to fewer opportunities for future generations.