NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Geography Chapter 9 International Trade

Ans : (i) (c) Comprehensive Ports
(ii) (c) Europe
(iii) (c) Venezuela
(iv) (c) ASEAN 

Ans : (i) The basic functions of the World Trade Organisation
WTO deals with the global rules of trade between nations.
It sets the rules for the global trading system and resolves disputes between its member
nations.
WTO also covers trade in services, such as telecommunication and banking, and others
issues such as intellectual rights.


(ii) A negative balance would mean that the country spends more on buying goods than it can
earn by selling its goods. This would ultimately lead to exhaustion of its financial reserves.


(iii)Regional Trade Blocs have come up in order to encourage trade between countries with
geographical proximity. similarity and complementarities in trading items and to curb
restrictions on trade of the developing world. 

Ans : (i) Ports are chief gateways of the world of international trade are the harbours and ports. Cargoes and travellers pass from one part of the world to another through these ports.
The ports provide facilities of docking. loading. unloading and the storage facilities for cargo.
In order to provide these facilities. the port authorities make arrangements for maintaining
navigable channels. arranging tugs and barges. and providing labour and managerial
services.
Types of port on the basis of location:
(a) Inland Ports: These ports are located away from the sea coast. They are linked to the sea
through a river or a canal. Such ports are accessible to flat bottom ships or barges. For
example. Manchester is linked with a canal: Memphis is located on the river Mississippi: Rhine
has several ports like Mannheim and Duisburg. a branch of the river Ganga.
(b) Out Ports: These are deep water ports built away from the actual ports. These serve the
parent ports by receiving those ships which are unable to approach them due to their large
size. Classic combination. for example. is Athens and its out port Piraeus in Greece.


(ii) International trade is the exchange of goods and services among countries across national
boundaries. Countries need to trade to obtain commodities, they cannot produce themselves
or they can purchase elsewhere at a lower price.
International trade is the result of specialisation in production
It benefits the world economy if different countries practise specialisation and division of
labour in the production of commodities or provision of services.
Each kind of specialisation can give rise to trade. Thus, international trade is based on the
principle of comparative advantage, complementarity and transferability of goods and services
and in principle, should be mutually beneficial to the trading partners.