Class 12 Economics : Macroeconomics – National Income Accounting – Get here the Notes for Class 12 Economics : Macroeconomics – National Income Accounting. Candidates who are ambitious to qualify the Class 12 with good score can check this article for Notes. This is possible only when you have the best CBSE Class 12 Economics Notes, study material, and a smart preparation plan. CBSE 2019 Class 12th Exam is approaching and candidates will have to make the best use of the time available towards the last stage of your CBSE Class 12th Economics Preparation. To help you with that, below we have provided the Notes of 12 Economics for topic : Macroeconomics – National Income Accounting.
- Class: 12th
- Subject: Economics
- Topic: : Macroeconomics – National Income Accounting
- Resource: Notes
CBSE Notes Class 12 Economics National Income Accounting
Candidates who are pursuing in Class 12 are advised to revise the notes from this post. With the help of Notes, candidates can plan their Strategy for particular weaker section of the subject and study hard. So, go ahead and check the Important Notes for Class 12 Economics : Macroeconomics – National Income Accounting.
1. Final Goods These are those goods which have crossed the boundary line of production and are ready for use by their final users.
Final goods are often classified as
(i) Final consumer goods.
(ii) Final producer goods.
2. Intermediate Goods These are those goods which have yet not crossed the boundary line of production. Example Shirts purchased by firm x from firm y for resale are intermediate goods.
3. Consumption Goods These are those goods which are directly used for the satisfaction of human wants. These are not used in the production of other goods. Example Ice cream and milk used by the households.
Consumption goods are classified into four categories.
(i) Durable Consumer Goods: TV, radio, car etc.
(ii) Semi-Durable Consumer Goods: Clothes, furniture’s etc.
(iii) Non-Durable Consumer Goods: Bread.
(iv) Services: Doctor, lawyer etc.
4. Capital Goods These are those goods which are used in the process of production for several years and which are of high value. Example Plant and machinery
5. Investment Investment is a process of capital formation, or a process of increase in the stock of capital. Investment has two Components
(i) Fixed investment (ii) Inventory investment
6. Gross Investment : Expenditure on the purchase of fixed assets during the accounting year + Expenditure on the inventory stock during the accounting year.
7. Net Investment Gross investment – Depreciation (Consumption of fixed capital)
8. Stock A stock is a quantity of any economic variable which is measured at a particular point of time. e.g., 100 crores population of India in 2001.
9. Flow A flow is a quantity of any economic variable which is measured during a period of time. e.g., Monthly wages of a worker.
10. Depreciation Depreciation refers to loss of value of fixed assets in use on account of
(i) Normal wear tear
(ii) Normal rate of accidental changes
(iii) Expected or foreseen obsolesencene.
Annual amount of depreciation = Original value of the machine /Number of years of the life of the machine
11. Circular Flow of Income It refers to the unending flow of the activities of production, income generation and expenditure involving different sectors of the economy.
There are three phases of circular.flow
(i) Production (ii) Income generation (iii) Expenditure
12. Money Flow It refers to the flow of money across different sectors of the economy.
13. Real Flow It refers to the flow of goods and services across different sectors of the economy.
14. Condition for Equilibrium. in Four Sector Economy
C + S + T = C + I + G + (X – M)
Here, C = Consumption
S = Saving
I = Investment
T= Tax revenue
G = Government expenditure
X = Exports
M=Import
(X- M) = Net Exports
15. Injection It refers to the additions to the circular flow injections causes expension of the circular flow. Example Government expenditure, export and investment.
16. Leakages It refers to the withdrawl’s from the circular flow leakages cause contraction of the circular’ now.
17, Normal Residents of a Country These are the people who (i) normally reside in the country concerned and (ii) whose centre of economic interest lies in the country concerned.
18. Domestic Territory of a Country It refers to that area of economic activity which generates domestic income.
19. Factor Incomes These are the income received by the owners of factors of production for rendering their factor services to the producer.
20. Transfer Payment These arc all those unilateral payments corresponding to which there is no value-addition in the economy. Example Gifts, donations etc.
21. Methods of Measurement of National Income
- Product or Value Added Method
- Income Method
- Expenditure Method
22. Value Added Value of output – Intermediate consumption
- Value of output = sales + change in stock
- Change in stock = closing stock – opening stock
23. Planned Change in Inventories It means that the actual change in inventories is just equal to what was planned.
24. Unplanned Change in Inventories Unexpected rise in inventories during a year is termed as unplanned change in inventories.
25. Components of Domestic Factor Income
- Compensation to Employees it includes following components-wages and salaries in cash, compensation in kind, employer’s contributions to social security scheme.
- Operating Surplus It has two main components
(a) Income from Property
(b) Income from entrepreneurship - Mixed income of the self employed
26. Final Expenditure The main components of final expenditure are
- Private final consumption expenditure
- Gross domestic capital formation
- Government final consumption expenditure
- Net export (X-M)
27. National Income It is sum total of factor incomes accruing to the normal residents of a country.
28. Domestic Income It is the sum total of factor income generated with in the domestic territory of the country no matter it is the income accruing to residents 0r non-residents of the country. National Income at Current Price It is the money value of all final goods and services measured at current prices.
29.National Income at Current Price It is the money value of all final goods and services measured at current prices.
30.GDP It is the sum total of
(i) Compensation of employees
(ii) Operating surplus
(iii) Mixed income
(iv) Consumption of fixed capital with in the domestic territory of the country during the period of one year.
31. NNP at Market Price It refers to the market value of final goods and services produced during the year inclusive of net factor income from abroad but exclusive of depreciation.
32. NNP at Factor Cost It is the sum total of factor incomes earned by normal residents of a country during the period of one year.
33. Private Income It is the total income from all sources that accrues to the private sector during the period of one year.
34.Personal Income It is the income actually received by the individuals and households from all sources in the form of current transfer payment and factor incomes.
35. Personal Disposable Income It is the personal income remaining with individuals after deduction of all taxes levied
against their income and their property as well as payment miscellaneous fees and fines.
36.National Disposable Income It is the income from all sources available to residents of a country for consumption expenditure or for saving during a year.
37. Nominal GDP It refers to GDP at current price.
38. Real GDP It.refers to GDP at constant price.
39. GNP Deflator The GNP deflator measures the average level of the prices of all goods and services that make-up GNP. GNP deflator is measured as the ratio of nominal GNP to real GNP.
40. Consumer Price Index (CPI) This is the index of prices of a given basket of commodities which are bought by the representative consumer. CPI is generally expressed inpercentage terms.
41. Externalities It refers to the benefits a firm or an individual causes to another for which they are not paid.
Class 12 Key Points, Important Questions & Practice Papers
Hope these notes helped you in your schools exam preparation. Candidates can also check out the Key Points, Important Questions & Practice Papers for various Subjects for Class 12 in both Hindi and English language form the link below.
Class 12 NCERT Solutions
Candidates who are studying in Class 12 can also check Class 12 NCERT Solutions from here. This will help the candidates to know the solutions for all subjects covered in Class 12th. Candidates can click on the subject wise link to get the same. Class 12 Chapter-wise, detailed solutions to the questions of the NCERT textbooks are provided with the objective of helping students compare their answers with the sample answers.
Class 12 Mock Test / Practice
Mock test are the practice test or you can say the blue print of the main exam. Before appearing in the main examination, candidates must try mock test as it helps the students learn from their mistakes. With the help of Class 12 Mock Test / Practice, candidates can also get an idea about the pattern and marking scheme of that examination. For the sake of the candidates we are providing Class 12 Mock Test / Practice links below.
Class 12 Exemplar Questions
Exemplar Questions Class 12 is a very important resource for students preparing for the Examination. Here we have provided Exemplar Problems Solutions along with NCERT Exemplar Problems Class 12. Question from very important topics is covered by Exemplar Questions for Class 12.
Class 12 Economics Notes Maths Notes Economics Notes Sociology Notes
