NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Geography Chapter 8 Transport and Communication

Ans : (i) (a) Darwin and Melbourne
(ii) (b) U.S.A
(iii) (b) The North Atlantic Ocean
(iv) (d) Petroleum
(v) (b) Paris — London 

Ans : (i)The problems of road transport in mountainous, desert and flood prone regions are:
In mountainous regions, there is steep slope and unlevelled patterns which make difficult to construct roads. The construction and maintenance of roads are very high.
In deserts, constructing roads is difficult due to excessive sand. Scarce vegetation and low
density of population do not encourage roads.
In flood prone areas, roads get damaged frequently.


(ii) Trans—continental railways run across the continents and links two ends. They were constructed tor economic and political reasons to facilitate long runs in different directions.


(iii) There are various advantages of water transport:
It does not require route construction. The oceans are linked with each other and provide passages to ships ot various sizes.
It is much cheaper because the friction of water is tar less than that ot land. The energy cost of water transportation is lower.
It is useful for the transportation of heavy and bulky goods.
 

Ans : (i) In a well managed transport system. various modes do not compete with each other but complement each other.
Railways are more useful for moving bulky goods and passengers over long distances while Roadways are suitable for the faster movement over shorter distances and door-to-door services. They also act as feeder transport to railways.
When urgent and faster movement required then air transport is the most appropriate option.
International movement of bulky goods can be possible through ocean routes.
 Railways also serve ports so that goods can move faster and nu.re cheaply.
For crossing seas and mountains more faster we can use air transport.
Liquids and gases such as water. petroleum and natural gas can be transported better


(ii)
Air Transport is the only means to reach mountainous snow fields or desert terrains.
At present no place in the world is more than 35 hours away. This startling tact has been
made possible due to people who build and fly airplanes.
Frequent air services are available to many parts of the world. Although, U.K. pioneered the use of commercial jet transport, U.S.A. developed largely post-War international civil aviation.
Today, more than 250 commercial airlines offer regular services to different parts of the world
Dense network exists in Eastern U.S.A., Western Europe and Southeast Asia. IJ.SA. alone accounts for 60 per cent of the airways of the world. New York, London, Paris, Amsterdam, Frankfurt, Rome, Moscow, Karachi, New Delhi, Mumbai, Bangkok, Singapore, Tokyo, San Francisco, Los Angeles and Chicago are the nodal points where air routes converge or radiate to all continents. Africa, Asiatic part of Russia and South America lack air services.
e-mail - Electronic mail is a method of exchanging messages between people using
electronics. These are delivered extremely fast when compared to traditional post thus. widely
accepted by business, governments and non-governmental organizations in the developed
world. Each email has the date and time recorded on it which is helpful in avoiding contusion
and dispute.
It is a transaction of buying or selling online. It can take place 24 hours a day,
seven days a week and can provide wide variety of options than traditional stores. The
customer can order the product of their choice and get it delivered to their home.
e-learning: It is the use of technology to enable people to learn anytime and anywhere. It can include training. the delivery of just-in-time information and guidance from experts. Knowledge can also be shared via the Internet, which is accessible 2417, anywhere, anytime.
e-governance: It is a style of governance in which information and communication technology OCT) is applied for achieving the results. Through e-governance, government services will be made available to citizens in a convenient, efficient and transparent manner.